The encoder sends one index pulse per revolution. Incremental signals Angular steps of an encoder in the form of square-wave pulse sequences. The pulses signal changes in position. Input device Input device is the device which can be connected to the RS interface for the purpose of commissioning; it is either the HMI hand- held operating unit or a PC with the Operating Software.
IT system Mains with no ground potential reference, since it is not grounded I: iso-lation ; T: terre French : ground Limit switch Switches which signal any overrun on the permissible travel. Node guarding Monitoring function at the RS interface Optically isolated Electrical transmission of signals with electrical isolation Parameter Device data and values which can be set by the user PBDP-C Field bus module with which the positioning controller can be integrated into a Profibus-DP network Power amplifier This is the unit that controls the motor.
The power amplifier generates currents for controlling the motor in accordance with the positioning signals from the control unit. Power controller See Power amplifier Pulse direction signals Digital signals with variable pulse frequencies which signal changes in position and rotation direction via separate signal wires.
Quick-stop This function is used in the event of faults, the stop command or in an emergency for rapidly braking a motor. RS interface Communications interface of the Twin Line unit for the connection of a PC or the HMI hand-held operating unit RSC The signal status is calculated from the differential voltage of one posi-tive and one inverted negative signal.
Two signal wires must therefore be connected for one signal. RS level The signal status is calculated from the differential voltage of one posi-tive and one inverted negative signal. RSC Field bus module which enables the field bus to be used via a multipoint connection with serial data transmission. A multipoint connection - in contrast to a point-to-point connection - can swap data with several devices on the bus. RS level The signal status is calculated from the differential voltage of one positive and one inverted negative signal.
RS signal transmission is bidirectional. Sense regulation The voltage drop on the supply lines is compensated in such a way that the output voltage at the sense terminals has the correct value. The output voltage is only activated once the sense lines have been connected.
SMART Operating system software User units A user unit corresponds to the maximum precision at which a distance, speed or acceleration value can be input.
User units can be set for all normalizable parameters. Watchdog Device in the unit which detects internal faults. If a fault occurs, the amplifier is switched off immediately. If one of the instructions leads to a noticeable response from the unit, this will be given after the description of the action to be carried out. In this way you will receive direct confirmation that a particular step has been correctly carried out.
If the result of steps or sequences is described, the step to be carried out is described first. This symbol is used for general notes which give additional information about the unit. Keep the original packaging in case the unit has to be returned to the manufacturer to be added to or repaired. Scope of supply of positioning controller standard unit The scope of supply of the TLC51x positioning controller includes: Modules Option module configurations for the positioning controller: Fig.
Designation Order no. The positioning controller with built-in control electronics and power amplifier works as a stand-alone amplifier or as part of a field bus configuration.
It can operate position control on an AC synchronous servomotor and carry out positioning operations on its own. The positioning controller is available with two power amplifiers with a similar housing design. Electrical connections and functional scope are identical for both units.
A positioning controller with a built-in mains filter can be operated without any further noise suppression on the supply side. The power supply for control loops and for controlling the fan must be provided by an external 24 VDC power supply. Motor connection The positioning controller supplies the power for a permanent-field AC synchronous servomotor via the three-phase connection.
The motor connection is short-circuit protected and is checked for ground faults when the amplifier is enabled. DC-line capacitors can be supported by external capacitors in order to absorb sudden, excess braking energy.
Status display A seven-segment display provides information about the operating status of the positioning controller. If there is an operating malfunction the display will flash and display an error code. LEDs for operating signals Five LEDs display the signal states of these adjacent inputs: positive and negative limit switches, motor stop signal, power amplifier enablement and automatic operation.
The voltage selector switch is only available for units with no mains filter NF option. Version P units are always fitted with voltage selection. Signal interfaces The input and output signals are routed via the signal interface and an external 24 VDC supply voltage injected for the closed-loop control unit.
Air outlet and fan A built-in fan sucks cold air into the unit from below to cool the power amplifier and ballast resistor. It discharges the warmed air through the upper air outlet vents.
Module slots Four module slots allow the positioning controller to be matched flexibly to your particular area of application. The minimum configuration required to drive an AC servomotor is a module in slot M2. The other slot modules expand the scope of functions of the positioning controller. Configuration variants You can choose between several module variants in slots M1, M2 and M4 and thereby configure the positioning controller for a particular arrangement of installations.
Slot M3 remains free for later extensions. Parameter memory All settings of the positioning controller are administered in a motor data record, two records for control parameters and one for movement parameters.
The parameters are stored in the unit, protected against power outages, and can be displayed and changed via the RS inter- face on the PC, via the HMI hand-held operating unit or over the field bus. Movement parameters The set of movement parameters contains specific data for the various operating modes of the positioning controller.
Should the operating mode change, the controller will switch over to the appropriate set of movement parameters. The encoder electronics in the motor receive their power via the rotation monitoring terminals.
The rotation monitoring is optional. The positioning controller works as a command receiver or as a slave device. It executes the control and work commands from a higher-ranking controller. The module is designed to Interbus specification version 1. A multipoint connec- tion - in contrast to a point-to-point connection - is able to swap data with several devices. Manual movement with positional reference In manual movement mode the positioning controllermoves the motor a defined distance or in continuous motion at a constant speed.
Distance, speed steps and the time for changing from united inching to continuous motion can be set. Speed mode In speed mode, the motor is given a set speed and a movement is started with no defined target position. The motor continues to move at this speed until a new speed is set or the mode is terminated. The positioning distance is given either in absolute terms with reference to the axis zero point or in relative terms with reference to the current axis position.
Referencing In referencing mode, an absolute dimension reference is created between the position of the motor and a defined axis position. Referencing can be carried out by a referencing movement or by dimension setting. In a referencing movement, the motor is moved to a defined position, the zero or reference point, on the axis in order to create an absolute dimen- sion reference between the position of the motor and the axis.
The reference point is used as the point of reference for all following absolute positioning operations. Dimension setting offers the chance to define the current motor position as the new axis reference point to which all following position data relate.
Field bus mode The primary area of application of the positioning controller is in field bus operation via a module in slot M4. List control While the positioning controller is carrying out a movement command, the direction of movement is monitored in the background by means of list control. When a list position is reached, the positioning control- lerresponds with the relevant reaction depending on the list type. Teach-In Entries can be made in the list with the HMI hand-held operating unit, the operating software or via the field bus.
For entering the position values, the positioning controller offers teach-in processing: the motor is moved to successive list positions with respect to the reference point, and these positions are then committed to the parameter memory together with a value for trigger output or speed.
The EC guidelines describe the main requirements made of a product. The technical details are laid down in the harmonized standards, which for Germany take the form of the DIN EN standards. If there is not yet any EC standard applicable to a particular product area, existing technical standards and regulations will apply.
CE labelling With the declaration of conformity and the CE labelling of the product the manufacturer certifies that his product complies with all relevant require- ments of the EC guidelines. He is permitted to sell and use the product throughout the EC. It has no function-associated moving parts. The unit may however be a component part of a machine or installation. Provided the rest of the machine complies with the machines guideline and it has been set up in accordance with the EMC testing code of SIG Positec, conformity with the machines guidelines can be certificated.
Compliance with the EMC guideline cannot be checked for the Twin Line unit until it has been installed into a machine or installation. For the Twin Line unit a decla- ration of conformity in accordance with the EC low voltages guideline has been issued. In addition you will find symbols and instructions affixed to your Twin Line unit which warn you of possible dangers and help you to operate the unit safely. Depending on the seriousness of the danger, danger symbols are divided into three danger categories.
The symbols shown emphasize the danger situation to which the warning applies. This is an indication of direct personal danger. Can lead to serious injuries with fatal consequences if not observed. Indication of a recognizable danger. If the warning is ignored, the danger can lead to serious injury with fatal consequences, and to the unit or system parts being permanently damaged. Indication of a danger. If this is ignored, minor personal injury and light damage to the unit or system may be the result.
Electric shock from high voltage! The residual voltage must not be higher than 48 VDC before you work on the connections.
If additional DC-line capacitors are fitted, the discharge time increases to up to 10 minutes. Wait for this length of time, and then measure the residual voltage. Only 3-phase stepping motors may be operated with the positioning controller. The motor must be approved by SIG Positec for operation with the device. The motor connections of multiple units may not be connected to each other.
Units may not be connected in parallel to the DC-line output. The positioning controller may be used for industrial applications in the system configuration described. The positioning controller must be installed and operated in an environ- ment which meets at least protection grade IP The standard unit must therefore be installed and properly mounted in a control cabinet. Version P may be operated outside a control cabinet. The positioning controller may only be set up and operated after correct EMC installation has taken place.
It may only be used with the cables and accessories specified by SIG Positec. The positioning controller may not be used in IT networks, as they have no ground potential. Interference suppression filters for correct EMC installation will only work properly with a ground potential connection. Qualified personnel can use their technical training, knowledge and experience to assess the work to be done and to recognize and avoid possible dangers.
Qualified personnel will be aware of the current standards, regulations and accident prevention regulations which must be observed when working on the unit.
Safety devices coupled with the unit protect the system and operating personnel. The following components and limit values are monitored internally: Savety devices Tasks and protective functions Limit switch signals Monitoring the permissible ranges of movement in order to protect personnel and the system Stop switch signal Stops the drive with maximum braking energy and at standstill hold the motor still under positional control.
Protection of persons and system in the event of unexpected movements due to the motor being switched off. Monitoring Task and protective function Short-circuit Motor line monitored for short circuit between the motor phases functional safety and device protection Over- and undervoltage Monitoring DC line for overvoltage and undervoltage functional safety and device protection Temperature Monitor motor 1 and power amplifier with sensors for excess temperature device protection 1 Motor monitoring only for units with optional rotation monitoring Rotation monitoring error For units with rotation monitoring, contouring error threshold value when positional deviation too large functional safety Motor speed Speed limit at maximum permitted motor speed, device protection Data connection with a hand-held operating unit Functioning of the connection during motor control via the hand-held operating unit, functional safety The value can be higher if measured directly.
Advice on using earth leakage cir- cuit-breakers on request. The positioning controller meets the requirements of the EC directives on EMC noise resistance and on noise output as specified in EN, as long as the following steps have been taken during installation.
Control cabinet setup Cabling EMC measures Effect Use zinc or chrome-plated mounting plates, make large contact surface connections for metal parts, remove paint from bearing surfaces Good conductivity due to two-dimensional contacts Ground the control cabinet, door and mounting plate by means of metal tapes or cables with a diameter greater than 10 mm2 Reduction of EMC emissions Mount power components and control components separately, minimum distance 25 cm, reduce inter- ference injection from either component by using multiple-ground dividing plates Reduction of mutual interference injection Fit switching devices such as contactors, relays or solenoids with interference suppressors or spark suppressors e.
Reduction of EMC emissions Lay the cables spatially separated from each other: - Signal cables and power cables - Mains and motor cables - Mains filter input and output cables Reduction of mutual interference injection, reduction of emissions, increasing resistance to interference Connect large surface areas of cable shields, use cable sleeves and tapes Low shielding effect if the connection is not made over large surface area, reduction of emissions Ground a large surface area of the shields of digital signal cables at each end or via sub-D housing Avoidance of interfer- ence on control cables, reduction of emissions Screen analogue signal lines at one end only at the power drive, at the other end via capacitor, e.
Only use motor and encoder cables recommended by SIG Positec. Reduction of emissions, increase in resistance to interference Ground unused cable wires from control circuits at both ends of the cable does not apply to motor cable Additional shielding effect EMC measures Effect Malfunctions and risk of injury! The EMC of cables must be guaranteed if the unit is to function reliably and free of faults. The use of unsuitable, non-EMC-secure cables can damage the unit and lead to malfunctions.
Motor leads and encoder cables are especially critical signal circuits. Use SIG Positec cables for them. In addition these cables can be used as trailing cables. Do not install damaged units. Loose, conductive parts inside the unit can endanger life by forming parasitic voltages and permanently damaging the unit through short-circuits. Operating heat from the unit and other components as well as the heat produced by the ballast resistors must be able to dissipate by means of the switch cabinet ventilation.
Mounting distances The unit is fitted with a built-in fan. Ventilation slots on and under the unit must be kept at least 70 mm away from neighbouring units or walls.
The back wall of the unit must be in good contact with the metal plate across its whole surface area. Painted surfaces have an insulating effect. Before fixing the unit to a painted mounting plate, scratch off the paint over a wide surface area in the places where the unit is to be mounted, to ensure that it has a good connection with the grounded plate.
Positioning controller connections are routed out of the bottom of the housing. There must be 20 centimetres of space under the unit in order to ensure that connecting cables do not have to be bent. There is a ventilation element on the bottom of the unit. Do not remove the protective cover! The unit must be mounted vertically in order to maintain its water protection grade. A special version of the unit can also be ordered with no mains filter. Do not use the units with external mains filters unless you can make test measurements at the unit of the functioning and the EMC of a selected mains filter.
The size and selection of a suitable filter is for the system designer to decide. The length of cable to the positioning controller should not be longer than 50 cm. The cable must be shielded and grounded at both ends. Malfunctions and danger of injury arising from interference with other units! Connect the unit correctly with respect to EMC. Control signals suffering interference can generate unexpected signal states which can impair the functioning of the unit.
Work on the power supply circuit may only be carried out when the power supply has been switched off. Lock the main switch and lock access to it. The following interfaces can be used in order to transfer the user programmes onto the TLCC. The atmosphere is not a perfume, it has no taste of the distillation, it is odorless, It is for my mouth forever, I am in love with it, I will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked, I am mad for it to be in contact with me.
Methods We obtained data on mortality according to education level and occupational class from census-based mortality studies. Deaths were classified according to cause, including common causes, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer; causes related to smoking; causes related to alcohol use; and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension.
Data on self-assessed health, smoking, and obesity according to education and income were obtained from health or multipurpose surveys.
For each country, the association between socioeconomic status and health outcomes was measured with the use of regression-based inequality indexes. Results In almost all countries, the rates of death and poorer self-assessments of health were substantially higher in groups of lower socioeconomic status, but the magnitude of the inequalities between groups of higher and lower socioeconomic status was much larger in some countries than in others.
Inequalities in mortality were small in some southern European countries and very large in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. These variations among countries appeared to be attributable in part to causes of death related to smoking or alcohol use or amenable to medical intervention.
The magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health also varied substantially among countries, but in a different pattern. Panel A shows inequalities between men with the lowest level of education and those with the highest, and Panel B shows education-related inequalities for women.
Panel C shows inequalities between men in the lower and higher occupational classes. Economically inactive men whose last occupation was unknown were excluded from the analysis.
Because exclusion of these men may lead to underestimation of mortality differences between occupational classes, we applied an adjustment procedure that was developed and tested in a previous European comparative study of inequalities in mortality; the procedure is based on national estimates of the proportion of economically inactive men in each occupational class and of the mortality rate ratio of inactive as compared with active men in each occupational class.
Norton Ghost Full Torrent. Panels A and B show inequalities between persons with the lowest and those with the highest level of education for men and women, respectively. Panels C and D show inequalities between persons with the lowest and those with the highest level of income for men and women, respectively. In order to make use of the full range of levels of self-assessed health, we calculated the estimated burden of disease associated with each level on the basis of the number of chronic conditions reported by respondents to these surveys.
Relative differences in self-reported chronic conditions between answer categories of the self-assessed health question were remarkably similar between countries and varied only marginally around a multiplicative factor of 1. Sensitivity analyses showed that the ranking of countries according to the magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health did not change when these weights were varied within the range of observed values.
Inequalities in health among groups of various socioeconomic status as measured by education, occupation, and income constitute one of the main challenges for public health, but it is unknown to what extent such inequalities are modifiable.
Because international comparative studies can help identify opportunities for reducing inequalities in health, we conducted a study aimed at measuring variations in the magnitude of inequalities in health among 22 European countries and at identifying some of the immediate determinants of these variations.
Europe offers excellent opportunities for this type of research because of the intercountry variety of political, cultural, economic, and epidemiologic histories and because good data on inequalities in health are often available. In a previous study, we compared socioeconomically based inequalities in mortality and morbidity among 10 countries in western Europe during the s.
We now report a study of the magnitude of inequalities in health in a much larger number of countries in both western and eastern Europe during the s and early s. The inclusion of eastern Europe allows us to determine whether countries that have gone through a turbulent period of political, economic, and health care reform have larger inequalities in health than countries elsewhere in Europe.
Methods We obtained data on mortality according to age, sex, cause of death, and indicators of socioeconomic status from mortality registries Table 1 Countries Included in the Analysis and Sources of Data. The data were based on 3. The data were drawn from national populations, except for the United Kingdom, with data from England and Wales only; Italy, with data from Turin only; and Spain, with data from Madrid, Barcelona, and the Basque country only. With regard to the mortality data from England and Wales, this article has received clearance from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study reference number C.
We performed two analyses of the data on death according to cause; one analysis focused on common causes of death cancer, cardiovascular disease, and injuries , and the other focused on more specific causes of death smoking-related causes, alcohol-related causes, and causes amenable to medical intervention, such as tuberculosis and hypertension.
Data on self-assessed health and risk factors for disease e. The data came from 19 countries and almost , respondents who ranged in age from 30 to 64 years in some surveys and from 30 to 69 years in others. All data are nationally representative. Show relative inequalities in the rate of death from any cause according to education level. The relative index of inequality is greater than 1 for both men and women in all countries, indicating that, throughout Europe, mortality is higher among those with less education.
The magnitude of these inequalities varies substantially among countries. For example, in Sweden, the relative index of inequality for men is less than 2, indicating that mortality among those with the least education is less than twice that among those with the most education; on the other hand, in Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, the relative index of inequality for men is 4 or higher, indicating that mortality differs by a factor of more than 4 between the lower and upper ends of the education scale.
The smallest inequalities for both men and women are found in the Basque country of Spain, whereas the largest inequalities are found in the Czech Republic and Lithuania.
Education-related inequalities in mortality are smaller than the average for Europe in all southern European populations included in this analysis and larger than average in most countries in the eastern and Baltic regions. Data on occupation-related inequalities in mortality among middle-aged men confirm that relative inequalities in mortality tend to be smaller in southern European populations. Shows that the international pattern observed for relative education-related inequalities in mortality also generally applies to absolute education-related inequalities in mortality, as indicated by the slope index of inequality.
In Europe as a whole, persons with less education have higher rates of death from all causes except breast cancer, as indicated by a negative slope index of inequality for this cause of death. These data help to explain how smaller education-related inequalities in the rate of death from any cause in southern European populations and larger inequalities in the eastern and Baltic regions arise. Among men and women, smaller inequalities in the rate of death from any cause in the southern region are due mainly to smaller inequalities in the rate of death from cardiovascular disease.
Larger inequalities in the rate of death from cardiovascular disease make an important contribution to larger inequalities in the rate of death from any cause in the eastern and Baltic regions as well; however, important contributions are also made by cancer in the eastern region and injuries in the Baltic region.
Larger inequalities in alcohol-related mortality contribute to larger inequalities in the rate of death from any cause in Hungary among men and women and the Baltic region among men only. However, these inequalities are larger than the European average in Lithuania and Estonia, where they contribute to the larger inequalities in the rate of death from any cause among men only.
Shows the relative inequalities in the prevalence of poorer self-assessed health weighted on the basis of the burden of chronic disease according to education and income level.
The relative index of inequality is greater than 1 in all countries, indicating worse health in groups of lower socioeconomic status throughout Europe. The variation of this measure among countries is considerably less than that of inequalities in the rate of death from any cause, and the international pattern also tends to be different from that of death from any cause.
In Italy and Spain, education-related inequalities in self-assessed health are smaller than average, a finding that mirrors the smaller education-related inequalities in the rate of death from any cause observed in Turin, Barcelona, Madrid, and the Basque country.
In the Baltic region, on the other hand, education-related inequalities in self-assessed health are smaller than average, whereas education-related inequalities in death from any cause are larger.
Income-related inequalities in self-assessed health are not larger in the eastern and Baltic regions than in other parts of Europe and are remarkably large in the northern and western regions, particularly England and Wales, where income inequalities are also large see Table 4 in the.
In Europe as a whole, both smoking and obesity are more common among people of lower education level; education-related inequalities in smoking are larger among men, and education-related inequalities in obesity are larger among women Figure 3 Relative Inequalities in the Prevalence of Current Smoking Panel A and Obesity Panel B between Persons with the Lowest and Those with the Highest Level of Education, According to Sex.
There are striking differences among countries in the magnitude and even the direction of these inequalities, however. Large education-related inequalities in smoking are seen in the northern, western, and continental regions; small inequalities and, among women, even reverse inequalities, in which smoking rates are higher in groups with more education are seen in the southern region.
In the eastern and Baltic regions, the pattern is unclear. Large education-related inequalities in obesity are seen in the southern region, particularly among women, for whom the relative indexes of inequality are above 4, indicating that the prevalence of obesity among those with the least education is more than four times higher than that among those with the most education.
By contrast, education-related inequalities in obesity tend to be smaller than average in the eastern and Baltic regions. Discussion As compared with our study of inequalities in mortality and morbidity related to socioeconomic status in 10 western European countries during the s, the present, more extensive study of the situation during the s and early s found much larger among-country variability in the magnitude of inequalities in health.
Inequalities in mortality from selected causes suggest that some variations may be attributable to socioeconomic differences in smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and access to health care.
We also found among-country variations in the magnitude of inequalities in self-assessed health, but in a different pattern, precluding a generalization from inequalities in mortality to inequalities in overall health.
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